Here are the history of Spain:-
The history of Spain dates to contact the pre-Roman peoples of the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula made with the Greeks and Phoenicians and the first writing systems known as Paleohispanic scripts were developed. During Classical Antiquity, the peninsula was the site of multiple successive colonizations of Greeks, Carthaginians, and Romans. Native peoples of the peninsula, such as the Tartessos people, intermingled with the colonizers to create a uniquely Iberian culture. The Romans referred to the entire Peninsula as Hispania, from where the modern name of Spain originates. The region was divided up, at various times, into different Roman provinces. As was the rest of the Western Roman Empire, Spain was subject to the numerous invasions of Germanic tribes during the 4th and 5th centuries AD, resulting in the loss of Roman rule and the establishment of Germanic kingdoms, most notably the Visigoths and the Suebi, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages in Spain.
Various Germanic kingdoms were established on the Iberian peninsula in the early 5th century AD in the wake of the fall of Roman control; germanic control lasted about 200 years until the Umayyad conquest of Hispania began in 711 and marked the introduction of Islam to the Iberian Peninsula. The region became known as Al-Andalus, and excepting for the small Kingdom of Asturias, a Christian rump state in the north of Iberia, the region remained under the control of Muslim-lead states for much of the Early Middle Ages, a period known as the Islamic Golden Age. By the time of the High Middle Ages, Christians from the north gradually expanded their control over Iberia, a period known as the Reconquista. As they expanded southward, a number of Christian kingdoms were formed, including the Kingdom of Navarre (a Basque kingdom centered on the city of Pamplona), the Kingdom of León (in the northwest, originally an offshoot of, and later supplanting, the Kingdom of Asturias), the Kingdom of Castile (in central Iberia), and the Kingdom of Aragon (in Catalonia and surrounding areas of Eastern Iberia). The history of these kingdoms and other are intertwined and they eventually consolidated into two roughly equivalent polities, the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, roughly occupying the central and eastern thirds of the Iberian Peninsula respectively. During this period, the southwestern portion of the Peninsula developed into the Kingdom of Portugal, and developed its own distinct national identity separate from that of Spain.
The early modern period is generally dated from the union of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon under the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469. This marked what is historiographically considered the foundation of unified Spain, although technically Castile and Aragon continued to maintain independent institutions for several centuries. The conquest of Granada, and the first voyage of Columbus, both in 1492, made that year a critical inflection point in Spanish history. The victory over Granada marked the official end of the Reconquista, as it was the last Muslim-ruled kingdom in Iberia, and the voyages of the various explorers and Conquistadors of Spain during the subsequent decades helped establish a Spanish colonial empire which was among the largest the world had ever seen. King Carlos I, grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella through their daughter Joanna, established the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. It was under the rule of his son Philip II of Spain that the Spanish Golden Age flourished, the Spanish Empire reached its territorial and economic peak, and his palace at El Escorial became the center of artistic flourishing. However, Philip's rule also saw the calamitous destruction of the Spanish Armada, coupled with financial mismanagement that led to numerous state bankruptcies and independence of the Northern Netherlands, which marked the beginning of the slow decline of Spanish influence in Europe.
Spain's power was further tested by their participation in the Eighty Years' War, whereby they tried and failed to recapture the newly independent Dutch Republic, and the Thirty Years' War, which resulted in continued decline of Habsburg power in favor of French Bourbon dynasty. Matters came to a head during the reign of Charles II of Spain, whose mental incapacity and inability to father children left the future of Spain in doubt. Upon his death, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out between the French Bourbons and the Austrian Habsburgs over the right to succeed Charles II. The Bourbons prevailed, resulting in the ascension of Philip V of Spain. Though himself a French prince, Philip quickly established himself as his own person, taking Spain into the various wars to recapture the Spanish-controlled lands in Southern Italy recently lost. Spain's apparent resurgence was cut short by losses during the Napoleonic era, when Napoleon placed his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King of Spain, turning it into a French puppet state. Concurrent with, and following, the Napoleonic period the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the loss of most of Spain's territory in the Americas. During the re-establishment of the Bourbon rule in Spain, constitutional monarchy was introduced in 1813. As with much of Europe, Spain's history during the nineteenth century was tumultuous, and featured alternating periods of republican-liberal and monarchical rule.
The twentieth century began in foreign and domestic turmoil for Spain; The Spanish–American War led to the loss of Spanish colonial possessions and a series of military dictatorships, first under Miguel Primo de Rivera and second under Damaso Berenguer. During Berenguer's dictatorship, the king, Alfonso XIII, was deposed and a new republican government was formed. Ultimately, political unrest within Spain led to a coup by the military that led to the Spanish Civil War, in which Republican forces fought against the Nationalists. After much foreign intervention on both sides, the Nationalists prevailed thanks to the help provided by Nazi Germany and Italy, their leader Francisco Franco, who led a fascist dictatorship for nearly four decades. Francisco's death ushered in the return of the monarchy, King Juan Carlos I, which saw the liberalization of Spanish society and re-engagement with the international community after years of tyranny and isolation under Franco. A new liberal constitution was established in 1978. Spain entered the European Economic Community in 1986 (transformed into the European Union with the Maastricht Treaty of 1992), and the Eurozone in 1998. Juan Carlos abdicated in 2014, and was succeeded by his son Felipe. VI, the present king.
Ancient times:
The oldest record of representatives of the genus Homo living in Western Europe has been found in the Spanish cave of Atapuerca; A flint tool has been found there dating back to 1.4 million years ago, and the earliest human remains date back to around 1.2 million years ago.[1] Modern humans in the form of Cro-Magnons began arriving in the Iberian Peninsula from north of the Pyrenees about 35,000 years ago. The clearest sign of prehistoric human settlements is the famous paintings in the northern Spanish cave of Altamira, dating from c. 15,000 BC and is considered the supreme example of cave art.[2]
Archaeological evidence at sites such as Los Milares and El Argar, both in the province of Almeria, and La Almoloya near Murcia indicate that developed cultures existed in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Ages.[3]
Around 2500 BC, nomadic shepherds known as the Corded Ware culture conquered the peninsula using new technologies and horses while killing all local males according to DNA studies.[4] Spanish prehistory extends back to the pre-Roman Iron Age civilizations that controlled much of Iberia: the Iberians, Celtiberians, Tartessians, Lusitanians and Vascones, and the Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Greek trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast.
Religion:
At the beginning of the Visigothic Empire, Arianism was the official religion in Hispania, but only briefly, according to historian Rhea Marsh Smith (1905–1991).[28] In 587, the Visigothic king Ricardo of Toledo converted to Catholicism and began a movement to unify the various religious doctrines that existed in the Iberian Peninsula. The Councils of Toledo debated the creed and liturgy of orthodox Catholicism, and in 546 the Council of Lerida restrained the clergy and extended the authority of the law over them with papal approval.
While the Visigoths clung to their Arian faith, the Jews were well tolerated. Earlier Roman and Byzantine law determined their status and they were already severely discriminated against.[39] Historian Jane Gerber states that some Jews "held ranking positions in government or the military; others were conscripted and mustered into garrison service; still others held senatorial positions".[40] In general, then, they were well respected and well treated by the Visigothic kings, that is, until their conversion from Arianism to Catholicism.[41] The conversion to Catholicism throughout Visigothic society reduced friction between the Visigoths and the Hispano-Roman population.[42] However, the Visigothic conversion had a negative effect on the Jews, who came under scrutiny for their religious practices.[43]
Cultural Golden Age (Siglo de Oro)
The Spanish Golden Age (in Spanish, Siglo de Oro) was a period of flourishing art and letters in the Spanish Empire (now Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America), coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs (Philip). III, Philip IV and Charles II). Despite the collapse of the empire in the 17th century, art flourished during the Golden Age. The last great writer of the era, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, died in New Spain in 1695.[87]
The Habsburgs in both Spain and Austria were great patrons of the arts in their countries. El Escorial, the great royal monastery built by King Philip II, attracted the attention of some of Europe's greatest architects and painters. Diego Velázquez, one of the most influential painters in European history and considered a highly respected artist in his time, cultivated a relationship with King Philip IV and his chief minister, the Count-Duke of Olivares, and has given us many paintings that show that his style and skills. El Greco, a respected Greek artist of the period, settled in Spain, and combined Spanish art with Italian Renaissance styles and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of painting.
Some of Spain's greatest music is believed to have been written in this period. Composers such as Tomas Luis de Victoria, Luis de Milan, and Alonso Lobo helped shape Renaissance music and the styles of counterpoint and polychoral music, and their influence lasted into the Baroque period.
Spanish literature also flourished, most famously exemplified in the work of Miguel de Cervantes, author of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Spain's most famous playwright, Lope de Vega, wrote probably a thousand plays during his lifetime, of which more than four hundred are extant.
